AP Government -Assignment- Chap 1

Key Features of the Policy Making System:
Political socialization: Process people learn and form opinions about government and politics. This starts at home with young children being influenced by the ideas held by parents or others around them.

There is cycle for which policies are created. This is known as the policy making cycle and it starts out with people raising awareness of an issue. The second step is when the linkage institutions become aware of these problems. Linkage institutions are important to the policy-making cycle in that they are the ones that take the thoughts of public and bring them to intention of the government. They then present the many different concerns of then people on platforms also known as the policy agenda. The policy agenda is the order in which governmental concerns are placed. They are put together from the most important to the least.


Explain how public policies respond to public demands:
Public policy all starts from the cries of the people. As described above, the public will bring attention to something that concerns them, whether it is funding for schools or something they consider a landmark being torn down, they can rally, send letters, or something along those terms. This will catch the attention of linkage institution such as the media or political groups. These groups will then present the topics on what is known as a policy agenda. The government will take notice of these and will create a plan, proposition, or something along those terms. This is what is known as a public policy.

Describe the nature of democratic government and the traditional and contemporary theories of democratic politics:
Democratic government is a government for the people and by the people. The people ill vote and elect representatives who will take care of public and look out for their best interest. The people also vote directly on propositions. These are what make a democratic government a democratic government. A government has to take care of protecting ts citizens, maintaining order, regulating the economy, ect. To fund this they must charge taxes. All governments do this, not just democratic.

Theories includes the elite and class theory, pluralism, ad hyperpluralism. Hyperpluralism is the extreme version of pluralism, saying that there re so many people demanding different things that with even more ideas for the same thing that the government ends up at a standstill, unable to act. Pluralism is when the groups influence the governments decision in policy making. They are helpful to society and the government. Elite and class theory is the belief that society is ran on a hierarchal scale. The rich and powerful people influence the governmental thoughts and actions.

Describe the process by which political socialization occurs in a democratic system:
Political socialization occurs when a child or anyone is forming thoughts and opinions on the government and politics. This is influenced when the person is surrounded by people who have certain beliefs. They are bound to pick up their thoughts.

Trace the English philosophical heritage including the Enlightenment in the shaping of American democratic principles:
One of the first philosophers who influenced the government is Thomas Hobbes. He wrote what is known as the Leviathan. The Leviathan where he described his belief that people are in a constant state of conflict and only look out for themselves. They need a strong government to care of them. Next was Locke who rejected the idea of divine rule. he said that the government must act for the good of everyone and that the people had the right to rebel if it failed to protect their 'self-evident' natural rights of life, liberty, and property (The biggest influence of the American democracy, we practically quoted him). The next philosopher, Rousseau, agreed with Locke's belief that the government should act for all people. He said that living in a society that provides people with security and freedom enough to developed new skill would lead to growth

AP Literature -Short Form Template-

Title:

Author:

Review each main character, explain their relationships and how they interact, what conflicts arise, and give a sentence description of each.

Review the minor characters, give their importance (3), and a sentence description of each.

Review the main settings with a short description of each.

One plot structure outline (A-E) or (W graph).

Two symbols and explain their significances.

Two sentences on the domain aspects of authorial style with one quote for each description.

One dominant theme with explanation.

For short notable quotations, include speaking and occasion.

Final critique- 50 words/book critic style

NOTES:

• Not an essay
  
• Answer each question, use prompts as headings
  
• Should equal to 2 pages - single spaced
  

Art History - Chap 16 - Images

16-3 Plan of the sanctuary, Abbey Church of Saint Denis, Saint-Denis
-France, 1140-44
-Housed the tombs of French kings, regalia of the french crown, and the relics of Saint Denis
-Saint Denis was the patron saint of France, he was the first bishop of Paris
-Is sometimes considered Europe's first gothic structure
-The plan of the choir resembled one of a Romanesque pilgramage church, semicircular sanctuary surrounded by a ambulatory
-The choir has a; ribbed groin vaults coming from round peirs, pointed arches, wall buttresses, window openings

16-6 West facade, Chartres Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres
-France, c. 1134-1220, south tower c. 1160, north tower 1507-13
-the west facade has a large stained glass rose window, and two towers and spires
-influenced by Saint Denis
-proved very costly and had to be rebuilt several times

16-7 Royal Portal, west facade, Chartres Cathedral
-c. 1145-55
-3 doorways, with Christ Enthroned in Royal majesty in the central tympanum
-The column statues are are 19 of the old testiment precursors of Christ
-It related the builders to soloman who built the Temple in Jerusalem, and shows ties between church and the Royal house
-Most of the these statues at other churches were destroyed in the French revolution
-The high relief sculptures fit into the settings of columns, with long bodies and drapery
16-9 Saint Stephen and Saint Theodore
-left side, left portal, south transept entrance,Chartres Cathedral
-Saint Stephen was made between 1210-1220, and Saint theodore was made between 1230-1235
-Is more naturaly proportioned than other figures on the west facade
-Saint Theodore is in a gothic s-curve with slanted hips and feet planted on the ground, it was made to show him as a more alive figure
- has detailed facial expression and chain mail

16-11 Nave, Chartres Cathedral
-1194-1260
-One of the widest naves in Europe, the sanctuary occupies 1/3 of the building, 118 feet vaults
-The cleristory has paired of lancets, tall arched windows, and oculi, circular windows and stained galssed windows.
-Has fourpart vaulting
-It has numeric symbolisms with 3, the trinity, 4, representing the material worldand 7, the combination of both of these numbers shown in the seven liberal arts that surround the christ child and Mary

16-13 Tree of Jesse
-west facade, Chartres Cathedral, c.1150-70. stained glass
-inspired by a similar window at Saint Denis, and a twelfth century manuscript
-Jesse is at the bottom then then branches lead to the 4 kings of Judea and then the virgin Mary, and the Christ at the top
-The seven doves that surround Christ represent the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit
-In the half circles are the 14 prophets

16-19 West facade, Amiens Cathedral
-Begun in about 1220-36
-The lower levels were designed by Robert de Luzarches
-since the levels were built at differenet times there is a sense of disunity on the west facade
-the sculptures were made at around the same time so they were more uniform then those of earlier churches

16-21 Beau Dieu
-Trumeau, central portal, west facade, Amiens Cathedral, c. 1220-36
-On the tremeau of the central portal, Christ as a teacher-priest is shown bestowing his blessing on the faithful
-He is holding a Gospel book with is emphasized by the drapery bunched over Christ's left arm
-The Beau Dieu os standing on top of a lion and a dragon like figure or a baslisk. It represents his kingship and triumph over evil and death

AP Lit: Helpful Dante Stuff

This is a link to a flash map of Hell from Dante's Inferno, SUPER helpful!
Shows how the circles are separated, what goes on w/ Dante and Virgil, and the sins and punishments in each circle INCLUDING why they are appropriate: http://web.eku.edu/flash/inferno/

Government-FRQ Review-Chap 1

Review Suggestions for Chapter One Writing Assignment
Please review the following theories of contemporary democracy in
preparation for the Writing Assignment for Chapter One: Pluralism, Elite
and Class Theory, and Hyper-Pluralism. Be prepared to apply one of the
issues below to one of the theories and provide an example to reinforce your
explanation. Issues include Military Spending, Healthcare for the elderly,
and education.

Theories

• Elite and Class Theory: The rich and powerful have a direct ad powerful influence over the governmental officials and their policy standings
• Pluralism: Small individual groups working for single causes can have an influence on the government's policy agenda. Competition is good for the government
• Hyperpluralism: Small groups clash so strongly that the government ends up at a standstill and is unable to act accordingly.

The Influence of these Theories

• With the Elite and Class theory and education the rich and powerful will be able to
  

Art History –Images- Chap 16?

Dormition of Virgin, Strasbourg, France. c. 1230.

• Classicizing style and emotiona; expressiveness characteristics of German sculptures
  
• Coronation of the Virgin and death and assumption
  
• Christ received soul (doll-like figure in arms) and will carry it directly to heaven, where she will be enthroned next to him.
  
• Filled with dynamically expressive figures with large heads and short bodies clothed in fluid drapery that envelops rounded limbs.
  
• Deeply undercut, large figures stand out dramatically in crowded scene with vivid grief.
  

  
  

  Salisbury Cathedral, England, 1220-58.
  

• Gothic style spread to England added to Romanesque churches that hadn't been finished
  
• Salisbury is sprawling, flying buttresses only for show,
  
• west façade is wider than the church itself
  
• Stresses horizontal bands rather than verticality Very steep curve to the nave vaults
  
• It is unique in the fact that it stands alone in a field, compared to other cathedrals being located in the middle of cities
  

  
  

  Reims Cathedral of Notre Dame, Reims. Exterior
  

• Rebuilt in 1211 after fire in 1210; facade after 1230s was largely unfinished by 1287, towers left unfinished until 1311.
  
• Coronation church.
  
• Massive gable portals project forward, soaring peaks help to unify facade.
  
• Large windows fill portal tympanums, displacing sculpture usually found there.
  
• Deep porches contain sculptures that reflect changes in plan, iconography.
  
• Rose window fills entire clerestory level.
  
• "Gallery of kings" only strictly horizontal element of facade.
  

  
  

  Reims Cathedral Interior
  

• Double rose windows
  
• 445x98x125 feet
  
• Comprimised of a nave, aisles, transepts, a choir, and an apse
  
• Contained many fine tapestries
  

  
  

  Annunciation and Visitation, right side, central portal, west facade, Reims Cathedral, c. 1230-45.
  

• Visitation depicts Mary, pregnant with Jesus, who visits her older cousin Elizabeth, who is pregnant with John the Baptist
  
• Heavy figures have same solidity seen in Roman portrayals of noblewomen, and Mary's face, waving hair, and heavy mantle reflect imperial portrait statuary.
  
• Contrast between Mary and Elizabeth reminiscent of contrast between two Flavian portrait heads.
  
• Deftly modeled drapery not only to indicate pregnancy but to create stance in which weight shift turns figures toward each other.
  
• New freedom, movement, and sense of relationship implied in sculpture inspired later Gothic artists toward greater realism.
  
• Annunciation: Archangel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus.
  
• Mary in this pair is quiet and graceful, with slender body, restrained gestures, and refined features contrasts to Mary on right.
  
• Gabriel tall, gracefully swaying that suggests fashionable refinement associated with Parisian Court of 1250s.
  

  
  

  Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 1243-48.
  

• Built to house Louis IX's prized collection of relics from Christ's Passion.
  
• Epitomizes new Gothic style known as Rayonnant ("radiant" or "radiating") because of radiating bar tracery.
  
• Hallmarks of style include daring engineering, proliferation of bar tracery, exquisite sculpture and painting, and vast expanses of stained glass. Ratio of glass to stone higher than any Gothic structure.
  

  
  

  Page with Louis IX and Queen Blanche of Castile, Moralized Bible, from Paris, 1226-34.
  

• Selected passages of Old and New Testaments are paired to give allegorical, or moralized, interpretation.
  
• King and Queen sit against solid gold background under trilobed arches.
  
• Below is scholar-monk dictating to scribe.
  
• Slightly oversized heads of queen and king preserve sense of hierarchical scale.
  

  
  

  Book of Hours of Jeanne d'Evreaux, page with Annunciation, Jean Pucelle, c. 1325-28.
  

• grisaille--monochromatic painting in shades of gray with faint tinges of color
  
• Mary shown receiving archangel Gabriel in Gothic-style home as rejoicing angels look on from windows under eaves.
  
• Group of romping children at bottom of page seems to echo joy of angels.
  
• Scholars have determined, however, that they are playing game that symbolizes Mocking of Christ. The game thus evokes darker mood, foretelling Jesus' death even before life begins.
  

  
  

  Dormition of Virgin, Strasbourg, France. c. 1230.
  

• Classicizing style and emotiona; expressiveness characteristics of German sculptures
  
• Coronation of the Virgin and death and assumption
  
• Christ received soul (doll-like figure in arms) and will carry it directly to heaven, where she will be enthroned next to him.
  
• Filled with dynamically expressive figures with large heads and short bodies clothed in fluid drapery that envelops rounded limbs.
  
• Deeply undercut, large figures stand out dramatically in crowded scene with vivid grief.
  

  
  

  Salisbury Cathedral, England, 1220-58.
  

• Gothic style spread to England added to Romanesque churches that hadn't been finished
  
• Salisbury is sprawling, flying buttresses only for show,
  
• west façade is wider than the church itself
  
• Stresses horizontal bands rather than verticality Very steep curve to the nave vaults
  
• It is unique in the fact that it stands alone in a field, compared to other cathedrals being located in the middle of cities
  

  
  

  Reims Cathedral of Notre Dame, Reims. Exterior
  

• Rebuilt in 1211 after fire in 1210; facade after 1230s was largely unfinished by 1287, towers left unfinished until 1311.
  
• Coronation church.
  
• Massive gable portals project forward, soaring peaks help to unify facade.
  
• Large windows fill portal tympanums, displacing sculpture usually found there.
  
• Deep porches contain sculptures that reflect changes in plan, iconography.
  
• Rose window fills entire clerestory level.
  
• "Gallery of kings" only strictly horizontal element of facade.
  

  
  

  Reims Cathedral Interior
  

• Double rose windows
  
• 445x98x125 feet
  
• Comprimised of a nave, aisles, transepts, a choir, and an apse
  
• Contained many fine tapestries
  

  
  

  Annunciation and Visitation, right side, central portal, west facade, Reims Cathedral, c. 1230-45.
  

• Visitation depicts Mary, pregnant with Jesus, who visits her older cousin Elizabeth, who is pregnant with John the Baptist
  
• Heavy figures have same solidity seen in Roman portrayals of noblewomen, and Mary's face, waving hair, and heavy mantle reflect imperial portrait statuary.
  
• Contrast between Mary and Elizabeth reminiscent of contrast between two Flavian portrait heads.
  
• Deftly modeled drapery not only to indicate pregnancy but to create stance in which weight shift turns figures toward each other.
  
• New freedom, movement, and sense of relationship implied in sculpture inspired later Gothic artists toward greater realism.
  
• Annunciation: Archangel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus.
  
• Mary in this pair is quiet and graceful, with slender body, restrained gestures, and refined features contrasts to Mary on right.
  
• Gabriel tall, gracefully swaying that suggests fashionable refinement associated with Parisian Court of 1250s.
  

  
  

  Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 1243-48.
  

• Built to house Louis IX's prized collection of relics from Christ's Passion.
  
• Epitomizes new Gothic style known as Rayonnant ("radiant" or "radiating") because of radiating bar tracery.
  
• Hallmarks of style include daring engineering, proliferation of bar tracery, exquisite sculpture and painting, and vast expanses of stained glass. Ratio of glass to stone higher than any Gothic structure.
  

  
  

  Page with Louis IX and Queen Blanche of Castile, Moralized Bible, from Paris, 1226-34.
  

• Selected passages of Old and New Testaments are paired to give allegorical, or moralized, interpretation.
  
• King and Queen sit against solid gold background under trilobed arches.
  
• Below is scholar-monk dictating to scribe.
  
• Slightly oversized heads of queen and king preserve sense of hierarchical scale.
  

  
  

  Book of Hours of Jeanne d'Evreaux, page with Annunciation, Jean Pucelle, c. 1325-28.
  

• grisaille--monochromatic painting in shades of gray with faint tinges of color
  
• Mary shown receiving archangel Gabriel in Gothic-style home as rejoicing angels look on from windows under eaves.
  
• Group of romping children at bottom of page seems to echo joy of angels.
  
• Scholars have determined, however, that they are playing game that symbolizes Mocking of Christ. The game thus evokes darker mood, foretelling Jesus' death even before life begins.
  

  
  

  16.52 Saint Maurice
  

  -From Magdeburg Cathedral, Magdeburg, Germany
  

  -c. 1240-50
  

  -dark sandstone w/ traces of polychromy
  

  -the cathedral was dedicated to Saint Maurice and his relics were preserved there
  

  -the leader of a group of Egyptian Christians and martyred w/ his toops in 286
  

  -portrayed w/ black African features
  

  -represents a distinctly different ideal of warriorship and manhood compared to Saint Theodore from Chartres
  

  
  

  16.53 Ekkehard and Uta
  

  -from the west chapel sanctuary, Naumburg Cathedral, Naumburg, Germany
  

  -c. 1245-60; stone, originally polychromed; approx. 6'2''
  

  -Ekkehard of Meissen appears as a proud warrior and no-nonsense administrador
  

  -his Polish-born wife, Uta appears coolly elegant, artfully draws her cloak to her cheek
  

  
  

  16.54 Vesperbild
  

  -from Middle Rhine region, Germany
  

  -c. 1330; wood; height 34 ½''
  

  -Mary mourning her son
  

  -blood gushes from the hideous rosettes that are the wounds of an emaciated Jesus
  

  
  

  16.55 Arnolfo di Cambio, Francesco Talenti, Andrea Orcangna, and others. Florence cathedral, Florence
  

  -begun in 1296; redesigned 1357 and 1366
  

  -drum and dome by Brunelleschi, 1420-36; campanile by Giotto, Andrea Pisano, and Francesco Talenti; c. 1334-50
  

  -several modifications were made
  

  
  

  16.58 Nicola Pisano. Pulpit, Baptistry, Pisa
  

  -1260; marble; height approx. 15'
  

  -The six-sided structure is open on one side for a stairway
  

  -supported by columns topped w/ leafy Corinthian capitals and standing figures flanking Gothic trefoil arches
  

  -format, style, and technique of Roman sarcophagus reliefs
  

  
  

  16.63 Duccio di Buoninsegna. Virgin child in majesty
  

  -from the main panel of Matesta Altarpiece, from Siena Cathedral
  

  -1308-11; tempera and gold on wood panel; 7' by 13'6 ¼''
  

  -dedicated to the Virgin
  

  
  

  16.68 Cimabue. Virgin child enthroned
  

  -from the Church of Santa Trinita "Holy Trinity", Florence
  

  -c. 1280; tempera and gold on wood panal; 11'7 ½ '' by 7'4''
  

  -follow the Byzantine iconography of the Virgin Pointing the Way
  

  -Virgin sits surrounded by saints, angels, and Old Testament prophets
  

  -infant Jesus is in his lap
  

  
  

  16.69 giotto di bondone, virgin and child enthroned
  

  -from the Church of the Ognissanti "All Saints", Florence
  

  -c. 1310; tempera and gold on wood panal; 10'8'' by 6'8 ¼'
  

  -still retains some of Cimabue's conventions
  

  -Byzantine influence
  

  -Mary seems to burst forth from her slender Gothic baldachin
  

  -three-dimensional
  

  
  

  16.70 saint francis master. Miracle of the crib at Greccio
  

  -fresco in upper church of san Francesco, Assisi, Italy
  

  -c. 1295-1301/30
  

  -the legendary story of San Francis making the first creche, a Christmas tableau representing the birth of Jesus, the church at Greccio
  

  -richly dressed people (presumably patrons of the church) stand at the left, and women (normally excluded from the sanctuary) look on through an opening in the screen